Anarchists have taken part in several revolutions, most notably in the Spanish Civil War, whose end marked the end of the classical era of anarchism. Various anarchist schools of thought formed during this period.

During the latter half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century, the anarchist movement flourished in most parts of the world and had a significant role in workers' struggles for emancipation. With the rise of organised hierarchical bodies, scepticism toward authority also rose in the 19th century, a self-conscious political movement emerged. Humans lived in societies without formal hierarchies long before the establishment of formal states, realms, or empires. As a historically left-wing movement, placed on the farthest left of the political spectrum, it is usually described alongside libertarian Marxism as the libertarian wing ( libertarian socialism) of the socialist movement, and has a strong historical association with anti-capitalism and socialism.

Anarchism calls for the abolition of the state, which it holds to be unnecessary, undesirable, and harmful. Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is sceptical of authority and rejects all involuntary, coercive forms of hierarchy.

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